Ferromagnetic materials, magnetic transition

Above a temperature called the Curie temperature, Tc, all ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic. The transition to a paramagnetic state comes about when thermal energy is greater than the magnetic interactions and causes the dipoles... 

At high temperatures, ferroelectric materials transform to the paraelectric state (where dipoles are randomly oriented), ferromagnetic materials to the paramagnetic state, and ferroelastic materials to the twin-free normal state. The transitions are characterized through order parameters (Rao Rao, 1978). These order parameters are characteristic properties parametrized in such a way that the resulting quantity is unity for the ferroic state at a temperature sufficiently below the transition temperature, and is zero in the nonferroic phase beyond the transition temperature. Polarization, magnetization and strain are the proper order parameters for the ferroelectric. 

One of the important characteristics of ferroelectrics is that the dielectric constant obeys the Curie- Weiss law (equation 6.48), similar to the equation relating magnetic susceptibility with temperature in ferromagnetic materials. In Fig. 6.55 the temperature variation of dielectric constant of a single crystal of BaTiOj is shown to illustrate the behaviour. Above 393 K, BaTiOj becomes paraelectric (dipoles are randomized). Polycrystalline samples show less-marked changes at the transition temperature. 

A ferromagnetic material consists of magnetically ordered domains separated by transition zones, the so-called Bloch walls (ca 30 nm). In finely divided ferromagnetic compounds, with size less than this critical value, particles consist of magnetic sing. e domains, At temperature T, they may exhibit a kind of Brownian movement, affecting the orientation of the magnetic moment p of the particle considered as a whole (p = Npo N,... 

If the spins on a given lattice are all aligned spontaneously in the same direction, then the ordered phase refers to the ferromagnetic phase. The transition occurs at the Curie temperature Tc which is a characteristic of any material. Above the Curie temperature the magnetic susceptibility (refer-... 

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