Fault initiation surge

In general, the maximum fault overvoltage is expected to be less than 1.7 pu. This is for a rather simple system. In a complicated system such as 

Effect of closing resistors on statistical overvoltage distribution curves, (a) Closing surges, (b) Reclosing surges (initial charge 0.5, 0.5, -0.5 pu). 

Calculated results of fault surge on a 1100 kV circuit, (a) An 1100 kV model circuit, (b) Faulty circuit, (c) Sound circuit. 

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Characteristic of a Fault Initiation Surge 2.3.2.1 Effect of Line Transposition... 

Figure 2.28 compares the effect of a fault surge on untransposed and transposed doublecircuit lines. The fault is initiated at the re-ceiving end of one circuit as illustrated in the figure. The circuit configuration is equivalent to the model circuit illustrated in Figure 2.26 in which the fault occurs at the middle of the line. 

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