14 Faraday Free radicals

Franck J and Rabinowitsch E 1934 Some remarks about free radicals and the photochemistry of solutions Trans. Faraday Soc. 30 120-31... 

On the other hand, the presence of a short-lived free radical was confirmed first from an elegant experiment in 1929 by Paneth and Hofeditz [44], although the existence of paramagnetic species was pointed out in the middle of the 19th century by Faraday [45]. When tetramethyllead was thermolyzed, a methyl radical was postulated to be formed as the reaction intermediate (Eq. 2)... 

The explanation of "mesomerism" he argued, lies in energy relationships, namely, that there are two or more extreme forms of similar or equal energy, and the ordinary form and energy of the molecule can best be interpreted quantum mechanically. Ingold treated this idea more thoroughly in his 1937 Faraday Society article on the relation between chemical and physical theories of the source of the stability of organic free radicals.64... 

Free-Radical Chemistry Kinetic and Spectroscopic Studies of Reactions of NO, and S04 Radicals with Aromatic Compounds, Faraday Discuss., 100, 129-153 (1995). 

Michael Faraday reported in 1821 that chlorine addition to alkenes is Stimulated by sunlightand today this is taken to indicate the involvement of a free radical process (equation 26). Free radical chain mechanisms were proposed in 1927 by Berthoud and Beraneck for the isomerization of stilbene catalyzed by Br2 (equation 27), and by Wachholtz for bromine addition to ethyl maleate (equation 28).Later studies showed inhibition of halogen addition by reaction of the intermediate radicals with oxygen, and a free radical chain mechanism for solution and gas phase halogenations as in equation (26) was shown (equation 29). Kinetic and mechanistic... 

Nozaki, K. The reactivity of free radicals in polymerization reactions. Discussions Faraday Soc. 1947, nr. 2, 337. 

Freiberg M, Meyerstein D (1980) Reactions of aliphatic free radicals with copper cations in aqueous solution, part 2. Reactions with cupric ions a pulse radiolysis study. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 176 1825-1837... 

Adams GE, McNaughton GS, Michael BD (1967) The pulse radiolysis of sulphur compounds, part I. Cysteamine and cystamine. In Johnson GRA, Scholes G (eds) The chemistry of ionization and excitation. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 281 -293 Adams GE, McNaughton GS, Michael BD (1968) Pulse radiolysis of sulphur compounds, part 2. Free radical repair by hydrogen transfer from sulfhydryl compounds. Trans Faraday Soc 64 902-910... 

Huttermann J, Ward JF, Myers LS Jr (1971) Electron spin resonance studies of free radicals in irradiated single crystals of 5-methylcytosine. Int J Radiat PhysChem 3 117-129 Huttermann J, Ohlmann J, Schaefer A, Gatzweiler W (1991) The polymorphism of a cytosine anion studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int J Radiat Biol 59 1297-1311 Hwang CT, Stumpf CL, Yu Y-Q, Kentamaa HI (1999) Intrinsic acidity and redox properties of the adenine radical cation. Int J Mass Spectrom 182/183 253-259 Ide H, Otsuki N, Nishimoto S, Kagiya T (1985) Photoreduction of thymine glycol sensitized by aromatic amines in aqueous solution. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2 1387-1392 Idris Ali KM, Scholes G (1980) Analysis of radiolysis products of aqueous uracil + N20 solutions. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 176 449-456... 

Abraham, R. J., H. W. Melville, D. W. Ovenall, and D. H. Whiffen Electron spin resonance spectra of free radicals in irradiated polymethyl-metacrylate and related compounds. Trans. Faraday Soc. 54, 1133 (1958). 

Gilbert, G.C. and Jeff, M. (1988) In Free Radicals Chemistry, Pathology and Medicine (Rice-Evans, C. and Dormandy, T., eds.), Richelieu Press, London, pp. 25-49. Gilbert, B.C. and Stell, P. (1990) J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., in press. 

Asmus KD, Bahnemann D, Bonifacic M, GiUis GA (1978) Free radical oxidation of organic sulphur compounds in aqueous solution. Faraday Discuss Chem Soc 63 213-225. 

ESR-spectra of free radicals in irradiated polymethyl-methacrylate. Trans. Faraday Soc. 54. 1133 (1958). 

Hiickel, E., Theory of free radicals of organic chemistry, Trans. Faraday Soc., 30, 40-52 (1934). 

K.B. Patel, R.L. Willson (1973). Semiquinone free radicals and oxygen. Pulse radiolysis study of one electron transfer equilibria. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 69, 814-825. 

Davies, A.K., Land, E.J., Navaratnam, S., Parsons, B.J., and Phillips, G.O. (1979) Pulse radiolysis study of chlorpromazine and promazine free radicals in aqueous solution, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I, 75, 22-35. 

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