Far-upstream element

Le, Y., Gagneten, S., Larson, T., Santha, E., Dobi, A., v. Agoston, D., and Sauer, B. (2003) Far-upstream elements are dispensable for tissue-specific proenkephalin expression using a Cre-mediated knock-in strategy. 

Huth JR, Yu L, Collins I, Mack J, Mendoza R, Isaac B, Braddock DT, Muchmore SW, Comess KM, Eesik SW, Clore GM, Lev-ens D, Hajduk PJ. NMR-driven discovery of benzoylanthranilic acid inhibitors of far upstream element binding protein binding to the human oncogene c-myc promoter. J. Med. Chem. 2004 47 4851-4857. 

Fig.1 The RNA used as in vitro cleavage substrates in this study. STS and its extension variants from original sequence are depicted as bars with different nucleotide length indicated on the top. These fragments can be PCR-amplified from the CaMV 35S 3 -end region. The black boxes indicate conserved cis-element (Wf far-upstream element, NUE near-upstream element, vert/ca/arrow cleavage site) while the wftrfe toes indicate sequences between them AAAAAA. represents the poly(A) tail...

Jantzen H-M, Strahle U, Gloss B, Stewart F, Schmid W, Boshart M, Miksicek R, Schutz G. Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Cell 1987 49 29-38. 

Watanabe, N., M. Kitazume, J. Fujisawa, M. Yoshida, and Y. Fujii-Kuriyama (1993). A novel cAMP-dependent regulatory region including a sequence like the cAMP-responsive element, far upstream of the human CYP21A2 gene. Eur. J. Biochem. 214, 521-531. 

Hecht, A., Berkenstamm, A., Stromstedt, P.-E., Gustaksoa J -A. Sippel, A.E. (1988). A progesterone responsive element maps to the far upstream steroid dependent DNAse hypersensitive site of the chicken lysozyme chromatin. EMBO ]., 7, 2063-73. 

An increase in the basal transcription activity originating from the promoter requires regulatory DNA sequences. These sequences can be proximally or distaUy located and serve as binding sites for transcriptional activators. The cis-acting DNA elements can be found near the promoter in either orientation. They are often termed upstream activating sequences" (UAS). Regulatory sequences can also be located far from the promoter. Their effect is independent of their orientation and they are known as enhancers. 

More complex transcriptional regulation. Like prokaryotes, eukaryotes rely on conserved sequences in DN A to regulate the initiation of transcription. But prokaryotes have only three promoter elements (the —10. -33. and UP elements), whereas eukaryotes use a variety of types of promoter elements, each identified by its own conserved sequence. Not all possible types will he present together in the same promoter. n eukaryotes, elements that regulate transcription can be found at a variety of locations in DNA, upstream or downstream of the start site and sometimes at distances much farther from the start site than in prokaryotes. For example, enhancer elements located on DNA far from the start site increase the promoter activity of specific genes. 

Basically, at least the four different core promoter types detailed above have been identified so far, which all represent valid combinations of core promoter sites (reviewed in [17]). If the combinations involving upstream and downstream elements are also considered, a total of 7 possible core promoter modules are possible (most of which can be actually found in genes and consist of the four variants in Figure 4.2 adding upstream or downstream elements or both). 

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