Factors affecting the rate of a reaction

Indicate which factors affect the rate of a reaction. 

Four major factors affect the rate of a reaction, and hence the rate constant for the reaction. 

The rate of a reaction is defined as the change in concentration of any of its reactants or products per unit time. There are six factors that affect the rate of a reaction ... 

Most of the factors that affect the rate of a reaction are qualitative or semiquantitative, but the dependency of the rate on concentration (or pressure, which is a measure of concentration) may be... 

Recognizing Cause and Effect Several factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction. This lab allows you to examine the effect of temperature on a common chemical reaction. 

As we saw in Section 12.10, the activation energy Ea is one of the most important factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction. Its value can be determined using the Arrhenius equation if values of the rate constant are known at different temperatures. Taking the natural logarithm of both sides of the Arrhenius equation, we obtain the logarithmic form... 

The idea of equilibrium hinges on the concept of reaction rates. In chemistry rate refers to how much something changes in a unit of time. The something that changes is the concentration of a reactant or a product, usually expressed as molarity. The unit of time is generally the second, although any unit of time can be used. Sometimes it is desirable to manipulate the rate of a reaction in order to speed it up or slow it down. The factors that affect the rate of a reaction are temperature, concentration, surface area, and the use of a catalyst. 

Up to this point, we have primarily studied the descriptive aspects of chemical reactions. That is, we ve discussed what s occurring during reactions without much detail about the driving forces behind the reactions. The purpose of the next two chapters is to provide such detail. In this chapter, we will look at the major models that have been developed to explain the mechanisms by which reactions occur. The focus of this chapter is kinetics, an area of chemistry that explores the rates at which chemical reactions occur. In the first portion of the chapter, we will focus on a few techniques we use to describe or define the rate of a reaction. Once that is established, we will move our attention to the factors that affect the rate of a reaction concentration, temperature, surface area, and the presence of a catalyst. 

Because chemical equilibrium involves rates of reactions, this chapter first investigates the factors that affect the rate of a reaction (Section 18.1). The molecular basis of chemical equilibrium and some of its terminology are then presented in Section 18.2. LeChatelier s principle, discussed in Section 18.3, explains qualitatively how to predict what happens to a system at equilibrium when a change is imposed on the system. Section 18.4 presents the equilibrium constant, which allows us to obtain quantitative results for systems at equilibrium. 

The equilibrium constant expression is in the same form as the ratio in the Nemst equation (Chapter 17). The square brackets mean the molarity of the substance they enclose, and the constant K is called the equilibrium constant. The entire equation is known as the equilibrium constant expression. No matter what the initial concentrations of reactants or products, the ratio of the concentrations at equilibrium will be equal to the constant K. The value of K depends only on the specific chemical equation and on the temperature. It does not depend on any of the other factors that can affect the rate of a reaction. For example, if different quantities of the same reactants and products are introduced into different reaction vessels, they will react with one another until, at equilibrium, the same ratio of concentrations, each raised to the appropriate power, is established. 

How does an increase in temperature affect the rate of a reaction Explain the two factors involved. 

Reaction rate is proportional to concentration. An increase in pressure will increase the concentration, resulting in an increased reaction rate. 16.3 The addition of water will dilute the concentrations of all dissolved solutes, and the rate of the reaction will decrease. 16.5 An increase in temperature affects the rate of a reaction by increasing the number of collisions between particles, but more importantly, the energy of collisions increases. Both these factors increase the rate of reaction. 

Conversion of Cyclohexyl Bromide to Cyclohexene-An E2 Elimination Reaction Factors Affecting the Rate of a Chemical Reaction... 

Wanning Up In Face a New Day The rates of metabolic processes of cold-blooded animals, like this desert tortoise, increase as temperatures rise toward midday. In this chapter, you ll see how temperature and several other factors affect the speed of a reaction. 

Another factor that can strongly affect the rate of a reaction is the orientation of molecules at the time of their collision. In a reaction in which two hydrogen atoms combine to form a hydrogen molecule (see margin) no bonds are broken and a H—H bond forms... 

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without affecting the position of equilibrium. It follows that the rate in the reverse direction must be increased by the same factor as that in the forward direction. This is a consequence of the principle of microscopic reversibility (Section 3.3), which applies at equilibrium, and rates are often studied far from equilibrium. 

Pandit and co-workers have shown that scale-up may be possible on a more rational basis if cavitation is employed, and some data have been reported by Pandit and Mohalkar (1996), Mohalkar et al. (1999), Senthil et al. (1999), and Cains et al. (1998). A variety of reactors can be used, viz. the liquid whistle reactor, the Branson sonochemical reactor, the Pote reactor, etc. The principal factors affecting the efficiency of a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor are irreversible loss in pressure head and turbulence and friction losses in the reaction rates. 

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