F Oscillations in Glycolysis

References Duysens and Amesz (1957), Ghosh and Chance (1964), Chance, Hess and Betz (1964), Higgins (1964). 

Oscillations in glycolytic system have been observed experimentally by numerous investigators. An early observation is by Duysens and Amesz (1957). By adding glucose (GLU), they observed oscillations in the concentration of reduced phos-phopyridine nucleotide (NADH). Later, Chance et al. (1964) also reported NADH oscillations in a cell-free extract, and Ghosh and Chance observed oscillations in fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), see Fig. III. 18. 

Higgins formulated a generalized chemical mechanism for oscillating reactions. This mechanism was then used to explain glycolytic oscillations. Based on the known chemistry of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and the associated glycolytic intermediates, Higgins proposed  

E2 = Aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase combination (enzyme) GAP = glyceraldehyde phosphate (product). 

The basic oscillatory couple exhibiting a limit cycle is F6P-FDP. Moreover, oscillations in GLU are also observed. The end product is glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP). The first step from GLU to F6P is a first-order reaction and in the second step, an activated form of phosphofructokinase acts as an enzyme. FDP activates this second step. 

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