Extract Spectra

FIGURE 2 Phosphorus NMR spectrum of a tissue extract of rabbit urinary bladder. Spectra at the top are enlargements of the main spectrum. From Kushmerick et al. (1986, Fig. 2, p. 14424). 

TABLE I Metabolite Contents of Perfused Bladders and Uteri  

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After completing a Ph.D. degree and postdoctoral research in analytical chemistry, Saul Goldman joined the University of Guelph in 1972. As a reformed experimentalist, he developed a research program based on statistical mechanics,277 with special interests in supercritical fluid extraction, spectra of endohedral fullerenes,278 the transport of ions through biological channels, and the molecular basis for the properties of liquids and solutions.279... 

Figure 10.1 Mean extracted spectra from a cluster analysis performed on cervical tissue. The spectra were extracted from the three outermost clusters surrounding a gland that was devoid of tissue. The clusters represent, approximate distances of (A) 5 [xm, (B) lOjxmand (C)20 xm penetration into the surrounding stroma. Spectra (A) and (B) show varying degrees of die dispersion artifact while spectrum (C) is devoid of the artifact.

Figure 10.7 (a) H E section from a section of tissue with anatomical features consistent with villog-landular adenocarcinoma, (b) UHCA map of five clusters calculated over the 1800-950 cm-1 region on second-derivative vector normalized spectra, (c) Mean extracted spectra from the raw data representing each cluster, (d) Stack plot showing cluster maps performed on five adjacent sections from the same tissue. 

Infrared imaging can be used to determine spatial distribution of chemical species, and this is currently most common use. Applications exploiting this capability has been described in a large number of studies 25-30 The technique can also be used to effectively perform nondestructive separations by identifying image pixels corresponding to relatively pure components. If multiple pixels can be identified for this purpose, the extracted spectra can be averaged to improve the SNR. 

On the basis of multiple experimental results (kinetic and steady-state) and the kinetics analysis, a global analysis or singular value decomposition (SVD) can be used to extract spectra for species (intermediates and product) and a possible reaction mechanism can be proposed. 

Differentiate between tissue extract spectra obtained from normal tissues and to classify tumors by type such as pituitary tumor, fibrosarcoma, hepatoma. 

The OC stretching vibration is identified in the HC1 extracts, although the intensity is approximately a tenth of the CH3 symmetric bending vibration. This band disappears entirely in the HF/HC1 extract spectra at all three pH s investigated. These results are in contrast to the data obtained by Spiro (2 ) for some Israeli oil shales using a similar procedure as that described in... 

This procedure has been applied to nearly 80 samples of soils from various industrial origins. It leads to define two types of UV organic extracts spectra presented in Fig. 24. Each UV spectrum shows a structured shape with high absorbance at the beginning of the spectrum, which decreases after 300 nm. It can be noticed that absorbance value over 350 nm is more important for the type 2, according to the bathochromic effect observed for heavy PAHs. Indeed, it has been shown that UV spectrum of type 1 corresponds to soils mainly contaminated by light PAHs (2 or 3 cycles) and UV spectrum of type 2 to soils mainly contaminated by heavy PAHs (4 or more cycles) [32]. 

Dealing with the specific absorbance at 288 nm, it has been observed, from the study of UV organic extracts spectra, that the ratio between the absorbance values at 254 and... 

FIGURE 21.2 Extracted spectra of the free acid (HA) and anion (A , i-Pr2NEt salt) of 3 obtained in MejNAc. (Reprinted with permission from J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 40, 130002-13009. Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society.)... 

Mass spectrometric analysis Spectra were recorded on a Bruker Reflex 111 time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). This mass spectrometer was equipped with a Scout MTP ion source with delayed extraction. Spectra were recorded in positive ion linear time-of-flight mode. Typical acceleration potentials were 18 kV. For delayed extraction, the acceleration potential was switched with a delay of 200 ns. 

Fig. 4.16 (a) Color-coded component map (left top, rescaled) for the (0.005 mg/mL, 20 min) albumin-covered PS/PMMA blend sample. The color wheel which tillows the viewer to determine the composition in mixed regions, (b) Masks used to extract spectra of specific regions, [red = PS > 4 nm, green = PMMA > 4 nm, blue = PS/PMMA interface (all pixels not identified in the masks of the PS and PMMA domains)], (c-e) Curve fits to the average Cls spectra extracted from the masked regions (data, points fit, thick solid line-, components, thin lines) (Reprinted with permission from li et al. [58]. Copyright (2009) American Chemical Society)... 

Factor analysis had previously been used by Culler et al. [100] for quality control monitoring of a polymeric composite system of y-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (j/-APS) coupling agent on an E-glass mat substrate. In this system, factor analysis successfully indicated the number of pure components, extracted the spectra of the pure components, indicated the relative concentrations of spectra, and improved the S/N ratio in the extracted spectra. The construction of a calibration curve allowed factor analysis to be used as a QC monitor of the amount of coupling agent on the E-glass mats. 

Figure 2. A) H E stained section of a high grade dysplastic lesion. B) " Blow up ofpotential micro-metastacy. C) UHCA map generatedfrom spectra recorded over the area shown in A. D) UHCA map generatedfrom spectra recorded over area shown in B. E) Mean extracted spectra from UHCA map D. (Reproducedfrom reference 22)...

Figure 8.40 Visible image (top), infrared chemical images (left, 65 iim x 30 pm blue, lo concentration red/orange, high concentration), and extracted spectra (center, integrated band areas are red shaded] for...

Figures 8.43 and 8.44 show the visible images, infrared chemical images, and extracted spectra of a sandy and an alluvial soil, respectively. In the sandy soil, two mineral phases were detected quartz (Si02, dark area in visible image) and the aluminosiUcate kaolinite (Al2Si205(0H)4, bright area in visible image).

The alluvial soil contains calcium carbonate (CaCOj), quartz, and montmo-rillonite ((Na,Ca)o33(Al,Mg)2Si 02o(OH)2). In the extracted spectra of CaCOj,... 

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