Experiments with highly spontaneous

Experiments show that FLCs with high spontaneous polarizahons respond accumulahvely to voltage pulses [6-8]. The switching between the two stable states is determined by the volt-... 

As mentioned earlier, experiments indicate that spontaneous condensation is not significant until fairly high supersaturations are achieved. For example, supersaturations of slightly less than 5 are necessary with water vapor in particle free air for the formation of a visible fog by adiabatic expansion of moist air at 0°C. This supersaturation implies a critical droplet diameter of about 0.0015 xm and a cluster of several hundred molecules. 

Emulsion Injection for Recovery of Heavy Oil. Oil-in-water emulsions may be useful as sweep improvement agents in heavy-oil reservoirs. To improve the mobility ratio occurring with high-viscosity oils, McAuliffe (69) and Schmidt et al. (70) proposed the use of stable oil-inwater emulsions. These authors conducted laboratory experiments with emulsions prepared by reaction of sodium hydroxide with a synthetic acidic oil. The theoretical background for emulsion blocking has been discussed in Chapter 6, and it forms the basis for one of several mechanisms of caustic flooding (7i). These emulsions may form spontaneously during oil recovery processes (72), but can just as easily be prepared and injected as enhanced oil recovery fluids. 

Apart from these measures, the application of spontaneous and starter culture mediated fermentative generation of flavour active substances does not require any further technical equipment. This fact and the traditional experience with such processes are the reasons for the still considerably high amount of food produced by this technology. In 1990, such products exhibited a value of 23 billion compared to the total amount of 91 billion in the same year for all food products [3],... 

The reason why these enzymes have received considerable attention over the years is that they display a high degree of enantiotopic selectivity on the prochiral aldehyde and ketone substrates. The selectivity of these enzymes is in many instances masked by the rate of spontaneous racemization of the cyanohydrins, which are prone to racemization under non-acidic conditions. This balance of selectivity of the enzymes versus the competition with the spontaneous racemization reaction as a function of the pH was described as early as 1921 using the hydroxynitrile lyase enzyme from peach leaves [22], These early experiments describe one of the challenges of applying hydroxynitrile lyases on an industrial scale. 

Most dialkylhaloboranes as well as the trialkylboranes are liquid and are oxidized rapidly by atmospheric oxygen. ( Caution. Boranes with high vapor pressures such as chlorodiethylborane are spontaneously flammable.) The B-haloboranes are easily hydrolyzed. Therefore, in all experiments, air and moisture must be excluded by operation under an inert gas (N2, Ar). 

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