Experimental start date, proposed

His proposal involved a metal carbene and a metallocyclobutane intermediate and was the first proposed mechanism consistent with all experimental observations to date. Later, Grubbs and coworkers performed spectroscopic studies on reaction intermediates and confirmed the presence of the proposed metal carbene. These results, along with the isolation of various metal alkyli-dene complexes from reaction mixtures eventually led to the development of well-defined metal carbene-containing catalysts of tungsten and molybdenum [23-25] (Fig. 2). After decades of research on olefin metathesis polymerization, polymer chemists started to use these well-defined catalysts to create novel polymer structures, while the application of metathesis in small molecule chemistry was just beginning. These advances in the understanding of metathesis continued, but low catalyst stability greatly hindered extensive use of the reaction. 

The stirred-tank reactor and the tubular reactor are two basic reactors used for continuous processes, so much of the experimental and theoretical studies pubhshed to date on continuous emulsion polymerization have been conducted using these reactors. The most important elements in the theory of continuous emulsion polymerization in a stirred-tank reactor or in stirred-tank reactor trains were presented by Gershberg and Longfleld [330]. They started with the S-E theory for particle formation (Case B), employing the same assumptions as stated in Sect. 3.3, and proposed the balance equation describing the steady-state number of polymer particles produced as ... 

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