Expansion ultralow

Ultralow expansion (ULE) vitreous silica, 22 443-444 Ultramarine color, 7 333... 

Abstract Polymers can be cooled down to ultralow temperatures by embedding them in a gas whose temperature is lowered by laser and evaporation cooling. In this regime their fluctuations show quantum behavior. This is calculated here for the second and fourth moments of the end-to-end distribution in the large stiffness expansion. The result should soon be measurable. 

Contributions to re are considered to be the crowding of surfactant and cosurfactant molecules and penetration of the oil phases into the hydrocarbon part of the molecules. If re > (yo/w)a hen yj becomes negative, leading to the expansion of the interface until yj becomes zero or a small positive value. Since (yi-)a is of the order of 15-20 mN m surface pressures of that order have to be reached for y-j-to reach an ultralow value that is required for microemulsion formation. This is best achieved by the use of two surfactant molecules, as discussed above. 

Monoliths reviews applications for cast bulk shapes dried without cracking in such areas as optical components, transparent superinsulation, and ultralow-expansion glasses. 

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