Evolution of Bacteria

Table 6.5 Evolution of bacteria population in sewage water 5, 20, and 60 min after treatment with DiaCell as a function of the treated fraction of the total volume (CO initial concentration Cx% concentration after treatment of x% of the total volume)...

The development of molecular techniques has opened up new perspectives for characterizing microorganisms from fermented foods and beverages. They provide outstanding tools for typing, taxonomy and evolution of bacteria in food processes (Giraffa and Neviani 2000 Germond et al. 2003). 

Fermentation An anaerobic bioprocess. An enzymatic transformation of organic substrates, especially carbohydrates, generally accompanied by the evolution of gas as a byproduct. Fermentation is used in various industrial processes for the manufacture of products (e.g., alcohols, organic acids, solvents, and cheese) by the addition of yeasts, moulds, and bacteria. 

This enzyme is of wide occurrence in bacteria where it is concerned with the reduction of nitrate and CO2 as well as sulphur. Methods for its estimation depend on measuring some activity of hydrogenase by (a) dye reduction (benzyl viologen or methylene blue), (b) isotopic exchange and (c) evolution of molecular hydrogen. Interpretation of quantitative results is difficult due to the complex relationship between the enzyme cell structure and the particular method selected. ... 

In contrast to common usage, the distinction between photosynthetic and respiratory Rieske proteins does not seem to make sense. The mitochondrial Rieske protein is closely related to that of photosynthetic purple bacteria, which represent the endosymbiotic ancestors of mitochondria (for a review, see also (99)). Moreover, during its evolution Rieske s protein appears to have existed prior to photosynthesis (100, 101), and the photosynthetic chain was probably built around a preexisting cytochrome be complex (99). The evolution of Rieske proteins from photosynthetic electron transport chains is therefore intricately intertwined with that of respiration, and a discussion of the photosynthetic representatives necessarily has to include excursions into nonphotosynthetic systems. 

SANDMANN G (2002) Molecular evolution of carotenoid biosynthesis from bacteria to plants . Physiol Plantarum, 116, 431-40. 

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