Eulerian-Lagrangian approach transfer

Aerosol production and transport over the oceans are of interest in studies concerning cloud physics, air pollution, atmospheric optics, and air-sea interactions. However, the contribution of sea spray droplets to the transfer of moisture and latent heat from the sea to the atmosphere is not well known. In an effort to investigate these phenomena, Edson et al.[12l used an interactive Eulerian-Lagrangian approach to simulate the generation, turbulent transport and evaporation of droplets. The k-e turbulence closure model was incorporated in the Eulerian-Lagrangian model to accurately simulate... 

The main advantage of the Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation comes from the fact that each individual bubble is modeled, allowing consideration of additional effects related to bubble-bubble and bubble-liquid interactions. Mass transfer with and without chemical reaction, bubble coalescence, and redispersion, in principle, can be added directly to an Eulerian-Lagrangian hydrodynamic model. The main disadvantage of the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is that only a limited number of particles (bubbles) can be tracked, such as when the superficial gas velocity is low (Chen et al., 2005), due to computer limitations. 

Generally, 3-D models are essential for calculating the radial distributions of spray mass, spray enthalpy, and microstructural characteristics. In some applications, axisymmetry conditions may be assumed, so that 2-D models are adequate. Similarly to normal liquid sprays, the momentum, heat and mass transfer processes between atomization gas and metal droplets may be treated using either an Eulerian or a Lagrangian approach. 

Mostafa AA, Mongia HC (1987) On the modeling of turbulent evaporating sprays Eulerian versus Lagrangian approach. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 30 (12) 2583-2593. 

In the Lagrangian approach, the elemental control volume is considered to be moving with the fluid as a whole. In the Eulerian approach, in contrast, the control volume is assumed fixed in the space, the fluid is assumed to flow through and pass the control volume. The particle-phase equations are formulated in Lagrangian form, and the coupling between the two phases is introduced through particle sources in the Eulerian gas-phase equations. The standard k-e turbulence model, finite rate chemistry, and DTRM (discrete transfer radiation model) radiation model are used. 

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