Ethyl catalyst deactivation causes

Sulfuric acid, hydrogen fluoride, and aluminum chloride are the general catalysts used commercially. Sulfuric acid is used with propene and higher-boiling feeds, but not with ethylene, because it reacts to form ethyl hydrogen sulfate. The acid is pumped through the reactor and forms an air emulsion with reactants, and the emulsion is maintained at 50 percent acid. The rate of deactivation varies with the feed and isobutane charge rate. Butene feeds cause less acid consumption than the propene feeds. 

Ricinoleic acid contains a hydroxyl function at a stereogenic carbon atom. Such additional functional groups may interact with transition-metal catalysts causing directing effects or lead to their deactivation. In the hydroformylation of ethyl ricinoleate, the formed aldehydes are converted immediately into cyclic ethers by acetalization and subsequent dehydration (Scheme 6.87) [36]. 

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