Ethanol production schematic diagram

Figure 6.6 Schematic diagram of an anaerobic gas-solid fluidized bed fermenter for ethanol production. Reproduced from Hayes (1998) with permission.

FIGURE 8.1 Schematic diagram of ethanol production from sucrose, starch, and lignocellulose. 

Figure 29.6 Possible routes of ethanol to cancer. This schematic diagram shows some of the ways in which it is suspected that ethanol may promote carcinogenesis. Although not carcinogenic itself, ethanol can solubilise organic carcinogens that can intercalate between the bases of DNA and cause it to be misread. The metabolism of alcohol generates large amounts of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. These cause peroxidation of lipids and the products of lipid peroxidation can form adducts with DNA and its repair enzymes. The acetaldehyde produced by alcohol oxidation can also do this, but can also induce cell proliferation in some tissues as well as altering the levels of steroid hormones upon which some tumours depend.

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