Estimation of the Heat Released by Reaction

From (5.15) it can be argued that the heat released by the reaction affects the dynamics of the reactor temperature via the term 

In turn, this term depends on the reactant concentrations, which are usually measurable at very low sampling rates, not suitable for real-time control. Hence, the design of a model-based control law for the reactor temperature should require an estimate of this term. 

More in general, the use of observers for state estimation in batch reactors has been extensively investigated. In [61], an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is adopted 

In the following, three different approaches to estimation of the effect of the heat released by the reaction on the system dynamics are presented the first two are based on the results in [15, 51], while the third is one of the most interesting model-free approaches in the literature. In detail  

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