Equilibrium significance

Introduction of a methoxy group (28, R = OMe) into the aryloxy side chain in the series of prostaglandin intermediates 28 has been found [90JCS(P1)751] to affect the ring-chain equilibrium significantly in favor of the cyclic tautomer. In CDCI3, when R = H, Kj = 1, and when R = OMe, Kt = 9. 

The principal implication of these studies for the accurate measurement of strong acids in gaseous and aerosol phases is that sampling must be performed in a way that does not disturb the equilibrium significantly in the process. This necessity has led to the development of the diffusion denuder sampler (61), which measures nitric acid after its removal to the walls of a... 

The predictions from the three models for steam reforming are equally reliable for industrial reactors that operate near their thermodynamic equilibrium. Significant deviations occur when the system is operating far from thermodynamic equilibrium, though. In this case the dusty gas model is still quite accurate while the simplified diffusion-reaction models are no longer accurate enough. 

Surface leaching and adsorption has been observed by numerous workers including Richardson (1964) and Ostrihansky (1976). Richardson (1964), Nash (1979) and Charbonneau et al. (1981) show that U and Bi (eU) in surface rocks are essentially in equilibrium. Charbonneau et al. (1981) also found evidence for leaching of surface rocks, depleting both U and " Bi, without disturbing radioactive equilibrium significantly. Morse (1970) found that weathered rocks and A-horizon soils from Bancroft, Ontario, contained considerably more Ra than that needed to satisfy radioactive equilibrium consistent with the U content. 

Unaltered Pellets First, the effect of sodium tetraborate on the kinetics and equilibrium of isomerization for unaltered XI pellets in a buffer of pH 7.5 was studied. These data are shown in Fig. 3, curve A. When compared with the corresponding data obtained in the absence of borate (Fig. 2, curve A), it is clear that even at this low concentration (0.05 M), borate is able to shift the equilibrium significantly in favor of higher xylulose production. The equilibrium concentration of xylulose reaches 30 g/1, which is more that three times... 

At equilibrium, significant amounts of both pink Co(H20)t and blue... 

This behaviour may arise from the slow molecular orientation following the movement of the wetting line. If contact angle measurements are to be given equilibrium significance, great care must be taken to ensure that equilibrium has been reached. This is particularly the case with surfactant solutions, where there may be no ready mechanism by which a non-volatile solute (the surfactant molecules) can reach the solid/vapour interface, except by prior contact with the solution. 

SO3 is removed by absorbing it in 98% sulfuric acid. Although the SO3 is absorbed in a continuous process, this does not affect the equilibrium significantly because the position of equilibrium is already far over to the right. 

In general, adsorption capacity varies randomly due to variation in the particle size [43]. The sorption increases with a decrease in the size of the particle since the effective surface area is higher for the same mass of smaller particles, and the time required to reach the equilibrium significantly increases with the size of sorbent particles. 

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