Equation Carnot-Clausius

For a closed system, that is a system, which can exchange with environment only its thermal energy, the Carnot-Clausius equation holds... 

This equation was first obtained by Clapeyron, a French engineer who continued the work of Carnot. He derived the equation for the evaporation of a liquid. In its general form it was established by Clausius, and is therefore called the Clausius-Clapeyron, or briefly the Clausius equation. By means of this equation we can calculate the change in pressure dp produced by an arbitrary change in temperature dT from the quantities L, 2, Vj, and T, which can all be determined by experiment. 

The second law of thermodynamics is also known as the Carnot cycle principle that specifies that heat can never pass from a colder to a wanner body without some other changes, connected therewith, occurring at the same time (Clausius). Equation 2.2 can also be written as ... 

Clausius Rudolf Julius Emmanuel (1822-1888) Ger. math., reconciled Carnot s theory of heat to equivalence of heat and work (2nd Law of thermodynamics), changes of state (Clausius-Clapeyron equation), contributed theory of electrolysis... 

When Gibbs first turned his attention to thermodynamics in the early 1870 s, the subject had already achieved a certain level of maturity. The essential step had been taken in 1850 by Rudolf Clausius, when he argued that two laws are needed to reconcile Carnot s principle about the motive power of heat with the law of energy transformation and conservation. Efforts to understand the second of the two laws finally led Clausius in 1865 to his most concise and ultimately most fruitful analytical formulation. In effect, two basic quantities, internal energy and entropy, are defined by the two laws of thermodynamics. The internal energy U is that function of the state of the system whose differential is given by the equation expressing the first law,... 

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