Epichlorohydrin, polymerization with amines

The mechanism of nonconventional bonding based on mixtures of diamines with PVC was explained (82) on the basis of the reported ability of the two materials to partially cross-link (180) (Scheme 3). Epichlorohydrin, used occasionally as an additive, polymerizes with polyfunctional amines (181) (Scheme 4) and reacts with lignin in the presence of amines or carboxylic acids (182). Even simpler to visualize is the cross-linking of the mixture of maleic anhydride and PVA by formation of ester linkages (118) that attach to the hydroxyls of the wood surface. 

Poly(amino acids)2892 and polypeptides2893 can also be grafted onto starch. Starch was first alkylated in the presence of lithium naphthalene, and then the alkoxy derivatives were reacted with /V-carboxy anhydrides. Poly(amide amines) were produced by reacting amines with dioic acids on starch and then crosslinking with epichlorohydrin or 1,2-dichloroethane 2894 Grafting of starch with a synthetic polymer chain, for instance, polystyryl carboxylate anions prepared by an anionic polymerization, can be carried out on a blend of starch and cellulose functionalized by sulfonation, mesylation, or tosylation. In this manner, cellulose-starch graft copolymers were prepared.2895... 

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