Environmental applications carbon speciation

The analysis of environmentally-relevant samples is a major field of application. Based on the work of Garbarino and Taylor [421], a method has been proposed by the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) [422] and later by DIN [423] for waste water analysis. The latter, standardized procedure describes the sample decomposition, the analytical range for 22 elements and frequent interferences of ICP-AES in waste water analysis. For the analysis of natural waters, hydride generation [424], preconcentration based on liquid-liquid extraction of the dithiocarbamate complexes [425], adsorption of trace elements onto activated carbon [426] and also co-precipitation [e.g. with In(OH)2] [427], etc. have been reported and special emphasis has been given to speciation (as given in the Refs, in [428]) and on-line preconcentration [134]. 

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