Entrapment Without Polarization

Low-temperature STM/S profiles of Co nanoislands deposited on Cu(l 11) surface in Fig. 13.6 revealed that the occupied states shift downward from —0.3 to — 0.4 eV as the island size is decreased from 22.5 to 4.5 nm. Inset shows that the lattice constant of Co islands contracts by 6 % from the bulk value of 0.251 to 0.236 nm at edges [31]. The presence of the entrapment and the absence of polarization of Co islands indicate that Co (3d 4s ) atom lacks the unpaired valence electrons for being polarized. These results show the quantum entrapment without polarization. 

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Fig. 13.7 ZPS of Pt(5d 6s ) adatoms (coverage in ML) revealed the entrapment without polarization (reprinted with permission from [22]). Valley B at 70. 5 eV corresponds to the bulk component. Inset is the ZPS for the hexagonally reconstructed Pt(OOl) surface with denser edges [33]. The peak centered at 71.0 eV arises from the adatom-induced entrapment...

Figure 13.8d compares the ZPS profiles of the monolayer skin and the vacancy defect of graphite. The skin ZPS shows only one entrapment without polarization, which is the same to the ZPS of Pt adatoms. However, the defect ZPS shows an entrapment peak that is even lower in energy and an additional polarization peak, which is similar to the Rh adatoms and W edges. A combination of the STM/S and the ZPS profiles provides a comprehensive picture on what has happened to the monolayer skin and the point defect of graphite, and the GNR edges ... 

Figure 13.7 shows the ZPS profiles of Pt atoms on the Pt(lll) siuface and the hexagonally reconstructed Pt(001) surface with vacancy edges [33]. Only the entrapped state presents without polarization. The valley at 70.5 eV corresponds to the bulk. The slight difference in the T peak between the adatoms (71.0 eV) and the vacancy edges (70.7 eV) indicates that Pt adatoms have effective CNs that are smaller than the vacancy edge atoms. The absence of polarization results from the lacking of the unpaired 5d °6s electrons of Pt. 

Ethanol and methanol have been used to swell other types of keratinized protein without loss of the a-helieal structure in the presence or after removal of the alcohols (46). Polar lipids such as the ceramides or sphingolipids are soluble in methanol (47). Therefore, extensive extraction periods in methanol could have provided sufficient time to swell the keratinized protein and allow the highly polar lipids entrapped within the protein fibrils to diffuse from the stratum corneum sheet. The resultant protein residue sheets retained the a-keratin conformation throughout the extensive extraction process. 

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