Entrained flow tubular

Heavy Oil Preparation and Separation. Hydrogenation of Hiawatha, Utah, coal [C 72.0 H 5.6 N 1.7 S 0.90 O 19.8 dry, ash-free (DAF) %] was performed at a reaction temperature of 510°C and 12.4-MPa hydrogen pressure with ZnCl2 impregnated on the coal as catalyst in an entrained-flow, tubular coil reactor (10). The reaction products were trapped in three reservoirs connected to the reactor in series and were separated according to their condensability. Heavy-oil products collected in the first reservoir, nearest to the reactor, were used in this study. 

After a few preliminary runs using a caking eastern bituminous coal and several reactor configurations, it was found that better results could be obtained with a non-caking coal in an entrained down-flow tubular reactor. The coal was dropped down into a tubular reactor through which hydrogen was passed down-flow and entrained and carried the coal down through the heated tube. 

Figure 17.11. Types of contactors for reacting gases with liquids many of these also are suitable for reacting immiscible liquids. Tanks (a) with a gas entraining impeller (b) with baffled impellers (c) with a draft tube (d) with gas input through a rotating hollow shaft, (e) Venturi mixer for rapid reactions, (f) Self-priming turbine pump as a mixer-reactor, (g) Multispray chamber. Towers (h) parallel flow falling film (i) spray tower with gas as continuous phase (j) parallel flow packed tower (k) counter flow tray tower. (1) A doublepipe heat exchanger used as a tubular reactor.

LONG-TUBE EVAPORATORS WITH UPWARD FLOW. A typical long-tube vertical evaporator with upward flow of the liquid is shown in Fig. 16.1. The essential parts are (1) a tubular exchanger with steam in the shell and liquid to be concentrated in the tubes, (2) a separator or vapor space for removing entrained liquid from the vapor, and (3) when operated as a circulation unit, a return leg for the liquid from the separator to the bottom of the exchanger. Inlets are provided for feed liquid and steam, and outlets are provided for vapor, thick liquor, steam condensate, and noncondensable gases from the steam. 

Lifting problems. Produced solids are denser than oil, water, or gas. In vertical lifting, solids slippage may occur, and the solid particles may sink relative to the entraining fluids. In this way the solids may concentrate in the vertical or inclined tubulars of the well, increasing the fluid head and reducing the fluid in-flow from the formation. 

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