Energy nickel-based system

Eichhom and his co-workers have thoroughly studied the kinetics of the formation and hydrolysis of polydentate Schiff bases in the presence of various cations (9, 10, 25). The reactions are complicated by a factor not found in the absence of metal ions, i.e, the formation of metal chelate complexes stabilizes the Schiff bases thermodynamically but this factor is determined by, and varies with, the central metal ion involved. In the case of bis(2-thiophenyl)-ethylenediamine, both copper (II) and nickel(II) catalyze the hydrolytic decomposition via complex formation. The nickel (I I) is the more effective catalyst from the viewpoint of the actual rate constants. However, it requires an activation energy cf 12.5 kcal., while the corresponding reaction in the copper(II) case requires only 11.3 kcal. The values for the entropies of activation were found to be —30.0 e.u. for the nickel(II) system and — 34.7 e.u. for the copper(II) system. Studies of the rate of formation of the Schiff bases and their metal complexes (25) showed that prior coordination of one of the reactants slowed down the rate of formation of the Schiff base when the other reactant was added. Although copper (more than nickel) favored the production of the Schiff bases from the viewpoint of the thermodynamics of the overall reaction, the formation reactions were slower with copper than with nickel. The rate of hydrolysis of Schiff bases with or/Zw-aminophenols is so fast that the corresponding metal complexes cannot be isolated from solutions containing water (4). 

In contrast to lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion battery systems have always an integrated battery management, which has to be able to communicate with the power electronic components (battery inverter, charge controller) and the supervisory energy management system. Therefore, the power electronic components have to provide an appropriate interface. Furthermore, the internal battery management of the battery inverter or the charge controller, which is used for lead-acid batteries or nickel based batteries, has to be deactivated. 

Most water-based battery systems, such as nickel-cadmium, where the electrolyte is in an aqueous solvent, are limited to around 1.5 to 2 volts, whereas a lithium battery can give 3 to 4 volts per cell. Since lithium batteries can store more energy than other systems, most research effort on rechargeable batteries is focused on lithium technology (Koksbang et al, 1994 Sequeira, 1983b, 1987 Sequeira and Hooper, 1985 Sequeira and Marquis, 1986 Stephan, 2006). 

R. Swindeman, M. Swindeman, A comparison of creep models for nickel base alloys for advanced energy systems. Int J. Press. Vessels Pip. 85(1-2), 72-79 (2008)... 

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