Energy input, machine

The machine function, here the mill function, describes the effects of external parameters such as energy input, machine geometry, rotor... 

In the washing of fabrics, machine and timing must be carefully adjusted. Too large an energy input for too long a time can injure fabric severely, and eventually tear it to shreds. The same effect is quite possible with purely mechanical agitation. 

Twin screw versions of dump extruders are available which are claimed to overcome some of the problems of single screw machines, i.e., high energy input, sticking and accelerated wear. 

As discussed in Section 13.2.2, when a rotaxane contains two different recognition sites in its dumbbell component, it can behave as a controllable molecular shuttle, and, if appropriately designed by incorporating suitable redox units, it can perform its machine-like operation by exploiting electrochemical energy inputs. Of course, in such cases, electrons/holes, besides supplying the energy needed to make the machine work, can also be useful to read the state of the systems by means of the various electrochemical techniques. 

Type I. Figure 1 illustrates reversible refrigeration machines of Type I. This machine receives an amount of heat q reversibly at temperature Tc and discharges it reversibly at a higher temperature, Ta. By the first principle of thermodynamics the necessary energy input, w, must also be discharged reversibly at Ta. The coefficient of performance of this machine is the same as that of a Carnot refrigeration machine. Thus we have... 

Refrigeration machine Rl is of Type III, receiving heat of crystallization over the range Tr to T and discharging it isothermally at T0. In order to utilize Equation 13 for the energy input, the rate of heat reception with respect to temperature must be known. 

At the condition of the extraction ratio approaching zero, corresponding to the production of a unit mass of fresh water from an infinite mass of saline water, the value of If also approaches zero, so that Equations 21 and 22 may not be used. In this case, however, Rx becomes a Type I machine and the energy input is given by modification of Equation 8,... 

Refrigeration machine R2 is of Type I, so that the energy input is... 

E-beam Evaporation Modern machines increasingly use electron-beam evaporators. In this process an e-beam is focused on the evaporation material which, as a result of the energy input from the beam, is heated and evaporates (Fig. 8.2). 

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