Energy distribution systems

Pressurization opens the way to a large-scale integration of components such as transformers, circuit breakers and contactors as well as frequency convertors into a single enclosure, thus replacing the multiple-housing switchboards in 

5 bar Air consumption for leakage compensation losses and control and monitoring unit 0.25 m3/h 

The switchboard can be fitted with six power modules (maximum), each equipped (alternatively) with  

A certain disadvantage may be seen in the concentration of components for several load circuits in one single housing and the need to switch off jointly all these outgoing lines in case of maintenance or repair of one load circuit only. A solution has been found [31] with the multiple compartment 

In case of repair or maintenance, a single switchgear compartment will be pneumatically isolated, i.e. the individual protective gas inlet and outlet valves are closed, the isolating switch is set in its OFF position and an (electrical or pneumatical) interlock with the door of the compartment is set off. Thus, the door can be opened to enable access to the internal components. 

---

An energy distribution system based largely upon proton gradients and organic... 

Figure 6.69 gives an example for an optical current sensor. The light path is wound around a current-carrying conductor equidirectionally with the azimuthal magnetic field of the current. The rotation of the plane of the electric vector is not detectable on its own and is converted to light intensity variations by a polarizer/analyser combination. A photo diode is used as a light intensity detector. The optical sensor itself is installed in the - e - compartment, the electronics shall be protected in an adequate type of protection, e.g. in a small flameproof - d - enclosure or in encapsulation - m -. In the special case of an energy distribution system with combined - e - and - d - compartments, the optical fibres may enter the d-compartment to the electronics inside via bushings complying with d -standards EN 50018 or IEC 60079-1 respectively (Fig. 6.70). The evacuation of the sensors into the e-compart-ment results in additional available space in the more expensive d-compart-ment, compared with increased safety - e -. ...

Figure 6.72 Low voltage energy distribution system. Enclosures in increased safety- e covers removed.

Figure 6.83 Low voltage energy distribution system. Flameproof enclosures are interconnected by a conduit system.

Figure 6.102 Low voltage energy distribution system with EEx dll C and EEx e II modules in a chemical plant.

Such a flameproof enclosure may be considered as a building stone of a modular energy distribution system containing extensive low voltage installations (Fig. 6.102) in a chemical plant. 

Figure 6.105 (a) Flameproof low voltage energy distribution system with inte-... 

Figure 6.106 Rear and front view and block diagram of a 450A contactor module for the energy distribution system according to Fig. 6.105(a).

The worked example that expresses some of the human factors best practice discussed above is based on an energy distribution system—specifically, the part of the total system that deals with the storage of gas. In this scenario, the task is concerned with alarms that warn control room operators of abnormal states. 

Helseth A. 2008. Modelling Reliability of Supply and Infrastructural Dependency in Energy Distribution Systems Doctoral theses at NTNU 1-72. 

---