Energy changes accompanying phase

Figure 11.17 Energy changes accompanying phase changes between the three states of matter, and the names associated with them. 

Experiment shows that for dilute solutions the osmotic pressure of the solute is the same as the pressure which it would exert if it were present at the same concentration in the gas phase. Thus for a gram molecule IlF = BT. Free energy changes accompanying variation of concentration depend upon J II dF, and all the results for gases are transferable to dilute solutions. 

The thermodynamic standard state of a substance is its most stable state under standard pressure (1 atm) and at some specific temperature (usually 25°C). Thermodynamic refers to the observation, measurement and prediction of energy changes that accompany physical changes or chemical reaction. Standard refers to the set conditions of 1 atm pressure and 25°C. The state of a substance is its phase gas, liquid or solid. Substance is any kind of matter all specimens of which have the same chemical composition and physical properties. 

What is the energy change that accompanies the conversion of molecules in the gas phase to a liquid ... 

For the sake of simplicity, it will be assumed that the microemu15ion contains spherical globules of a single size. Their dispersion in the continuous phase is accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the system and the corresponding free energy change per unit volume of microemulsion is denoted by if. The Helmholtz free energy f per unit volume of microemulsion is written as the sum... 

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