Energetic input

As pigments are most often used in paints and varnishes a dispersion with a high energetic input should be used if not otherwise stated. This can conceal effects occurring at lower energy levels as, for example, more agglomerates can be broken up. A common feature of both instrument types mentioned above is the use of a very dilute solution. The exact concentration is dependent on the specific type of instrument used, as well as on the material and particle size to be measured, but is nearly always below 1% (weight). 

The modifications of the radiative field induced by the presence of aerosols, if sufficiently large, may have a detectable effect on the climate system. Aerosols absorb and scatter solar radiation as a result there is an attenuation of the direct solar field, on whose basis it is generally assumed that the energetic input to the underlying system is reduced. 

The input of four additional high-phosphoryl-transfer-potential molecules in gluconeogenesis changes the equilibrium constant by a factor of 10, which makes the conversion of pyruvate into glucose thermodynamically feasible. Without this energetic input, gluconeogenesis would not take place. 

OFETs stand at a crossroad today. Performance has, by many metrics, exceeded that of amorphous silicon. Several industrially scalable processing strategies have been developed, and it is quite likely that the cost and energetic input of such processes is significantly less than that incurred for amorphous silicon. Industrial acceptance, however, has been limited. It remains one of... 

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