Ends Recovery

This section covers the various steps used to recover and separate into useful products the desirable light ends fractions present in the large volumes of effluent gases produced by the various refinery processes. The recovery is usually accomplished by a combination of compression and absorption. The subsequent separation into useful fractions is invariably carried out by distillation, usually in combination with distillates in the gasoline boiling range which are recovered with the light ends fractions. 

Since this pattern of light ends processing repeats itself over and over again with certain variations from one unit to another, a discussion of the major processing steps is in order here. 

The choice of drivers also depends entirely on the particular refinery utilities simation. Drivers range from electric motors, gas engines, and steam mrbines in general use, to gas turbines in special high horsepower service (5-10,000 H.P. per machine). 

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Light Ends Recovery, Fractionation, and Conversion Propylenes and butylenes may be recovered for feed to a polymerization plant for production of high octane... 

Light ends recovery and fractionating equipment is necessary after the Powerformer and on the pipestill overhead stream to separate the effluent mixtures into the desired boiling range cuts. 

The cracked products pass out through two stages of cyclones which collect entrained catalyst and return it to the dense bed. Velocities at the outlet of the dense bed are normally 2.0-3.0 ft./sec. Upon leaving the cyclones, the vapors go to the primary fractionator which separates the heavy products from the gasoline and lighter components. The light products go on to the light ends recovery unit. The heavy material is separated and either recycled to the reactor or withdrawn from the system. 

Figure 5-5. The ICI low-pressure process for producing methanol " (1) desulfurization, (2) saturator (for producing process steam), (3) synthesis loop circulator, (4) reactor, (5) heat exchanger and separator, (6) column for light ends recovery, (7) column for water removal.

Figure 9-12. Light ends recovery vs. stripper/absorber otf-gas ratio...

Feeds and Products, Barrels per Calendar Day Refinery Input High Severity Hydrotreating Catalytic Cracking Light Ends Recovery Catalytic Reforming Hydrogen Mf g. Recovery and Sulfur Plant Refinery Fuel Motor Gasoline By- Products... 

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For a moment, let us explore the historical development of light ends recovery plants within the context of the total refinery. In the early days of the industry, kerosene, stove oil and lubricants were the principal products. With... 

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