Endothelin chronic cyclosporine nephrotox

Flunley TE, Fogo A, Iwasaki S, Kon V. Endothelin A receptor mediates functional but not structural damage in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995 5 1718-1723. 

Kon V, Flunley TE, Fogo A. Combined antagonism of endothelin A/B receptors links endothelin to vasoconstriction whereas angiotensin II effects fibrosis. Studies in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in rats.Transplantation 1995 60 89-95. 

Ramirez C, Olmo A, O Valle F, Masseroli M, Aguilar M, Gomez-Morales M, Revelles F, Garcia-Chicano MJ, Arrebola F, Reguero ME, del Moral RG. Role of Intrarenal endothelin 1, endothelin 3,and angiotensin II expression in chronic cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity in rats. Exp Nephrol 2000 8 161-172. 

It has been shown that subjects with renal diseases such as IgA nephropathy, membranous prohferative glomerulonephritis, focal sclerosis, and lupus nephritis have levels of endothelin that are significantly higher than those in healthy subjects [209]. Increased circulating ET-1 concentrations and urinary excretion of ET-1 have been observed in patients treated with the nephrotoxic immunosuppressive agents cyclosporine A and tacrolimus (FK-506) [210]. Other nephrotoxic agents, such as cisplatin, also increase urinary excretion of ET [211]. In patients with chronic renal disease, urinary excretion of ET-1 is significantly elevated when compared to normal values (Table 10). 

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