Emulsion Treating Methods

In many cases, anhydrous metal oxides have been prepared by solvothermal treatments of sol-gel or micro-emulsion-based precursors. Wu and coworkers prepared anatase and rutile Ti02 by a micro-emulsion-mediated method, in which the micro-emulsion medium was further treated by hydrothermal reaction [171]. This micro-emulsion-mediated hydrothermal (MMH) method could lead to the formation of crystalline titania powders under much milder reaction conditions. 

Within the petroleum industry, emulsion of oil and water may be associated with every stage of production, transportation, or refining. The extent of emulsification and the economic impact of contaminants associated with emulsions in hydrocarbon-processing equipment will determine what treating methods, if any, are necessary to produce desired hydrocarbon specifications. An understanding of the impact of oil contaminants and incomplete demulsification on key hydrocarbon processing areas is required. The prime areas of concern are typically... 

Chemical Sensitization. After the photographic microcrystals are precipitated but before they are coated on a support, the crystals are treated to enhance their sensitivity to light. Chemical sensitization is a process which improves that abiUty of the emulsion grains to use the absorbed photons, independent of the wavelength. Various methods of post-precipitation chemical sensitization have been developed to reduce the number of photons required to produce a developable latent-image center. 

Leather may similarly be made water repellent by treatment with solutions or emulsions of silicone fluids. A variety of techniques is available, the method chosen depending to some extent on the type of leather to be treated. The water... 

The trial-and-error method of choosing an optimal demulsifier from a wide variety of demulsifiers to effectively treat a given oil field water-in-oil emulsion is time-consuming. However, there are methods to correlate and predict the performance of demulsifiers. 

The bulk flotation can be accomplished with the addition of small doses of oleic acid plus oxidized emulsion of fuel oil. The fuel oil is treated with 10% solution of NaOH at a temperature of 60-80°C for 1 h. The following method was used for rutile-zircon separation the concentrate was thickened, followed by heat conditioning to 60°C. After the heat treatment, the zircon was floated without the addition of collector. The zirconium tailing is the rutile concentrate. The zircon concentrate was thickened, followed by gravity cleaning. In some cases, the heat-treated pulp is washed before zircon flotation. The following metallurgical results were obtained ... 

In the water-flooding process, mixed emulsifiers are used. Soluble oils are used in various oil-well-treating processes, such as the treatment of water injection wells to improve water injectivity and to remove water blockage in producing wells. The same method is useful in different cleaning processes with oil wells. This is known to be effective since water-in-oil microemulsions are found in these mixtures, and with high viscosity. The micellar solution is composed essentially of hydrocarbon, aqueous phase, and surfactant sufficient to impart micellar solution characteristics to the emulsion. The hydrocarbon is crude oil or gasoline. Surfactants are alkyl aryl... 

The purification procedures to be applied depend on the monomer, on the expected impurities, and especially on the purpose for which the monomer is to be employed, e.g., whether it is to be used for radical polymerization in aqueous emulsion or for ionic polymerization initiated with sodium naphthalene. It is not possible to devise a general purification scheme instead the most suitable method must be chosen in each case from those given below. A prerequisite for successful purification is extreme cleanliness of all apparatus (if necessary, treating with hot nitrating acid and repeatedly thorough washing with distilled water). 

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