Elongation predetermined

Ductility is the elongation, at the moment of failure, of a standard bitumen briquette that is stretched at a predetermined speed and temperature. References are the NF T 66-006, ASTM D 113, IP 32 methods. 

This involves weighing moulding compounds for manufacturing the insole. The moulding compounds are mixed and rolled by means of a roller to form a sheet material, which is then cut into elongated strips. A predetermined amount of the strips are placed into a first mould unit, which is heated and pressurised to form a partially foamed insole. The partially foamed insole is placed into a second mould unit, which is heated, pressurised and cooled to form a completely foamed insole, which is then trimmed. 

Statine was identified as a starting material that contains predetermined stereochemistry at the C4 and C5 atoms. Nakano and co-workers155 56 degraded statine to an aldehyde, (45,5R)-4-alkyl-3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-formyl-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine, which is an intermediate of the method described in Scheme 17. Then, the elongation of this aldehyde was carried out by the Wadsworth-Emmons reaction with diethyl phosphonate. 

IR Dichroism. Two types of IR-dichroism experiments were used in this study to follow segmental orientation. First, dynamic differential dichroism was used to follow chain orientation while the sample was elongated at a constant strain rate. This experiment was performed with different IR peaks which allowed a comparison of the molecular orientations for each blend constituent. Second, a cyclic experiment was used where the film was strained to a predetermined elongation, relaxed at the same strain rate until the stress was reduced to zero, and then elongated to a higher level of strain, and so forth. 

For operation in the hard mode, one selects the appropriate full-scale values of force, elongation, and the time to strain the sample. This predetermined strain rate signal is compared with an ac differential three-... 

Two different parameter sets for axial and in-plane ligands are used [95,104, 219, 220, 261, 356]. While the exact structure of the chromophore does not need to be known for this approach, the direction of the elongation (or compression) must be specified beforehand. Therefore, this method also is not generally applicable, but it covers a wide range of axially distorted copper(II) compounds with structurally predetermined Jahn-TeUer effects. For example, copper(II) complexes with four amine donors, bis (amino add) compounds and complexes with tetraaza, tetrathia... 

When a specimen is stretched less than the breaking elongation and allowed to relax by removal of the strain according to a predetermined procedure. ( = tensile recovery curve, work recovery curve, and strain recovery curve.)... 

It is convenient to begin the synthesis of the labelled polyene chain with an aldehyde or a ketone and elongate the chain with either labelled or unlabelled synthons. The products of these reactions are subsequently converted into other aldehydes or ketones, allowing further elongation of the chain. By the use of synthons which can be labelled in any position or any combination of positions, polyene chains can be prepared with isotopic labels on any predetermined positions. In this Section, lycopene (31) is used to illustrate which starting materials and synthons are used to label the corresponding positions in the polyene chain (Fig. 1), but the same scheme can be applied to any carotenoid or polyene. 

The test is carried out in accordance to CEN EN 13398 (2010) and ASTM D 6084 (2006), or AASHTO T 301 (2013), by using the same apparatus, mould and procedure as in the ductility test. The testing temperature is usually 25°C. The only difference is that the bituminous specimen is not stretched until rupture but only up to a predetermined elongation (200 mm by CEN EN 13398 2010). 

The bitumen thread thus produced is cut in the middle to obtain two halves of thread. After a predetermined time for recovery has elapsed (30 min by CEN EN 13398 2010), the shortening of the half threads is measured (by a ruler) and expressed as the percentage of the elongation length. 

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