Electroweak scale

If for no other reasons, the mere fact that gravity is outside the SM tells us that new physics must emerge at some large energy scale A (i.e. equivalently at some small distance). The question (one of many questions, actually ) is what this scale A is, and how one can explain the huge value of Ep/Mw, i e. the ratio between the Planck scale and the electroweak scale. 

Both A(3> and B(3> are longitudinally directed and are nonzero in the vacuum. Both A(3> and B(3> are phaseless, but propagate with the radiation [47-62] and with their (1) and (2) counterparts. The radiated vector potential A<3 does not give rise to a photon on the low-energy scale, because it has no phase with which to construct annihilation and creation operators. On the high-energy scale, there is a superheavy photon [44] present from electroweak theory with an SU(2)x SU(2) symmetry. The existence of such a superheavy photon has been inferred empirically [44], However, the radiated vector potential A<3) is not zero in 0(3) electrodynamics from first principles, which, as shown in this section, are supported empirically with precision. 

In the Standard Model (SM), there is another fundamental parameter with the dimension of mass—the Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV), which determines the electroweak unification scale. The electron mass mg and quark masses mq are proportional to the Higgs VEV. Consequently, the dimensionless parameters Xe = wte/AqcD and Xq = mq/Agco link the electroweak unification scale with the strong scale. For the light u and d quarks, Xq -c 1. As a result, the proton mass wip is proportional to Aqcd and hence X is proportional to p. In what follows, we use p instead of Xg as it is more directly linked to the experimentally accessible atomic and molecular observables. 

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