Electrothermal atomization sampling modes

Solid sampling modes in electrothermal vaporizers and atomizers... 

Solid samples can be introduced into electrothermal atomizers either as such or as slurries. Each insertion mode has its own features, advantages and disadvantages. 

With Massmann-type electrothermal atomizers, the solid sample can be introduced into the furnace either through a central hole in it or from the ends of the graphite tube. The use of this type of furnace in this sampling mode poses problems such as cumbersome... 

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) has been the single most important technique in advancing our knowledge of the transition metal distribution in seawater. The graphite-furnace mode is used most frequently. It has the advantage of high sensitivity and therefore small sample volume (e.g., 10-50//L). Major disadvantages are the matrix interferences which usually necessitate a pre-concentration and/or a separation step (see Sections 12.2.1 and 12.2.2). Another application of ETAAS is the cold-vapour technique for the determination of mercury (Section 12.2.4). 

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