Structure makers, electrostrictive

Using this model, the conductance and viscosity behavior in Table II can be accounted for. Note that in this table both d rjo/dT and dB/dT refer to aqueous solutions. Electrostrictive structure-makers are those ions of large charge, Z, or extremely small crystallographic radius. The relative properties in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents cannot be predicted since the relative size, dipole moments, basicity, etc., of the solvent molecules will be the determining factors. The large solvation energy of... 

It can be noted in Table II that the conductance behavior is just opposite the viscosity behavior, which is as it should be. This is seen more readily in Figure 6 where the temperature coeflBcient of the B coeflBcients is plotted against the temperature coeflBcient of the limiting conductance-viscosity product. Structure-breakers are now found in the top left-hand quadrant, and hydrophobic structure-makers in the bottom right-hand quadrant. Electrostrictive structure-makers, on the other hand, should now lie quite close to the origin. 

Up to this point, only symmetrical ions have been considered, although structural eflFects can also be identified in the case of unsym-metrical ions. For instance, all the atoms in the NO3" ion are planar and consequently this ion can be a structure-breaker in the planar direction but an electrostrictive structure-maker at 90° to the plane. Thus, this ion could be said to be polyfunctional. As it turns out, the NO"3 ion is a net structure-breaker as shown in Figure 6. The cationic CH3-(CH2)h-N -(CH3)3 and anionic CH3-(CH2) -S04 surfactants can also be polyfunctional, but as n becomes large, they should be net hydrophobic structure-makers (8). Another class of polyfunctional ionic species are the dipolar ions such as the amino acids,... 

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