Electrostatic separation circle

FIG. 13 Contributions to the pressure between two —0.244 C/m charged planar surfaces separated by a 0.1 molar 2 2 RPM electrolyte. The open squares, circles, down-triangles, and diamonds are the kinetic, collision, electrostatic, and total pressures, respectively, from results of VaUeau et al. [98]. The corresponding solid symbols are unpublished results of Lee and Chan. The lines are calculations by the hypematted-chain (HNC) equation. 

Fig. 19.2 The operation principle of the most common membrane separation processes, with membranes separating the feed (left) from the permeate phase (right). Circles and stars indicate volatile and non-volatile compounds, respectively. Driving forces acting upon solutes are indicated by arrows as gradients of pressure (P), activity (a) and electrostatic potential (V )- It shoidd be noted that all these driving forces are eventiudly based on a gradient of the chemical potential in its most general form...

Fig. 8 a Mean force as a function of the macroion separation for System II evaluated using the surface approach (filled symbols with error bars) and the midplane approach (solid curve with nearly invisible error bars) and b uncertainty of the hard-sphere and electrostatic contributions of the surface approach (filled circles) and of the ideal and electrostatic contributions of the midplane approach (open circles). Rcy = 4J M,fcyi = 12Fm, and Npass = 10 . The uncertainty estimates are based on a division of the simulations into 20 blocks... 

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