Electrospinning scaffolds with functionalization

The fundamental principles of electrospinning are dictated by three primary parameters including solution, processing, and environmental conditions (Table 10.2). Each process setting must be taken into close consideration to properly synthesize a scaffold with structural and functional characteristics similar to native cartilage. 

Physical and chemical modifications to increase electrospun polyester hydrophihcity and surface scaffold functionalization with ECM proteins, peptides, or other bioactive molecules are some examples of posttreatments in use [16]. Another strategy to improve the biocompatibihty of the scaffolds is to combine the polyester with a natural polymer or other natural biomolecule to conduct the electrospinning process [17,18]. 

A variety of methods have been employed to functionalize polyesters with bioactive molecules. One approach is to graft the biomolecule in polyester before it is subject to the electrospinning process. Grafting methods permit control of the extent of functionalization in all stages. However, using this method after electrospinning, a part of the bioactive molecules is located in the core of the fibers, inaccessible for the cells. Therefore, an additional step for polymer purification can be necessary. This step can increase the cost of scaffold production. 

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