Electroreflectance voltammetry

The initial stages, notably the formation of a monolayer on a foreign substrate at underpotentials, were mainly studied by classical electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry [8, 9], potential-step experiments or impedance spectroscopy [10], and by optical spectroscopies, e.g., by differential reflectance [11-13] or electroreflectance [14] spectroscopy, in an attempt to evaluate the optical and electronic properties of thin metal overlayers as function of their thickness. Competently written reviews on the classic approach to metal deposition, which laid the basis of our present understanding and which still is indispensable for a thorough investigation of plating processes, are found in the literature [15-17]. 

In the first study of its kind, second harmonic generation has been used to study potential induced reconstruction on Au(lll) and Au(100) by Kolb and coworkers [156]. These surfaces have been known to reconstruct in UHY when they are clean [153, 157], Surface reconstruction occurs when the surface atoms of a solid rearrange themselves in a structure different from that expected from simple termination of the bulk lattice. Various studies by cyclic voltammetry, electroreflectance spectroscopy and ex situ electron diffraction have suggested that flame-treated crystals form stable reconstructions in solution. Unfortunately, due to the lack of in situ probes, very little direct evidence for this reconstruction has been available. 

One line in bioelectrochemistry is rooted in electrochemical techniques, spectroscopy, and other physical chemical techniques. Linear and cyclic voltammetry are central.Other electrochemical techniques include impedance and electroreflectance spectroscopy," ultramicro-electrodes, and chronoamperometry. To this come spectroscopic techniques such as infiared, surface enhanced Raman and resonance Raman,second harmonic generation, surface Plasmon, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A second line has been to combine state-of-the-art physical electrochemistry with corresponding state-of-the-art microbiology and chemical S5mthesis. The former relates to the use of a wide range of designed mutant proteins, " the latter to chemical synthesis or de novo designed synthetic redox metalloproteins. " " ... 

For SAMs with attached redox molecules, k (units of s ) can be measured by cychc voltammetry, chronoamperome-try (CA), alternating current impedance spectroscopy (ACIS), alternating current voltammetry (AGV), AG electroreflectance spectroscopy, and an indirect laser-induced temperature (ILIT) jump method. 

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