Electronic gaseous atom

Assuming a 2sf 2pf electron distribution for the carbon atoms, calculate the energy of fomiation of ethylene from the gaseous atoms. 

The minimum amount of energy required to remove the least strongly bound electron from a gaseous atom (or ion) is called the ionization energy and is expressed in MJ moE. Remember that 96.485 kJ = 1.000 eV = 23.0605 kcal. In Table 4.2 the successive stages of ionization are indicated by the heading of each column I denotes first spectra arising from a neutral atom viz.,... 

Spark (source) ionization. Occurs when a solid sample is vaporized and partially ionized by an intermittent electric discharge. Further ionization occurs in the discharge when gaseous atoms and small molecular moieties interact with energetic electrons in the intermittent discharge. It is recommended that the word source be dropped from this term. 

Table 3. Electronic Configurations for Gaseous Atoms of Lanthanide and Actinide Elements...

Because these photons are produced when an electron moves from one energy level to another, the electronic energy levels in an atom must be quantized, that is, limited to particular values. Moreover, it would seem that by measuring the spectrum of an element it should be possible to unravel its electronic energy levels. This is indeed possible, but it isn t easy. Gaseous atoms typically give off hundreds, even thousands, of spectral lines. 

In this section, you will learn how to predict the electron configurations of atoms of elements. There are a couple of different ways of doing this, which we consider in turn. It should be emphasized that, throughout this discussion, we refer to isolated gaseous atoms in the ground state. (In excited states, one or more electrons are promoted to a higher energy level)... 

Hund s rule, like the Pauli exclusion principle, is based on experiment It is possible to determine the number of unpaired electrons in an atom. With solids, this is done by studying their behavior in a magnetic field. If there are unpaired electrons present the solid will be attracted into the field. Such a substance is said to be paramagnetic. If the atoms in the solid contain only paired electrons, it is slightly repelled by the field. Substances of this type are called diamagnetic. With gaseous atoms, the atomic spectrum can also be used to establish the presence and number of unpaired electrons. 

Ionization energy is a measure of how difficult it is to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. Energy must always be absorbed to bring about ionization, so ionization energies are always positive quantities. 

The (first) ionization energy is the energy change for the removal of the outermost electron from a gaseous atom to form a +1 ion ... 

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom is called the ionisation energy. We can represent this process by the equation... 

The ease of removal of an electron from a gaseous atom, the ionization energy, is one of the factors that is important in fixing E°. Refer back to Table 21-111 and predict the trend in E° that this factor would tend to cause. 

Some of the atomic properties of manganese differ markedly from its neighbors. For example, at constant pressure it takes 400 kj (2 sf) to atomize 1.0 mol Cr(s) and 420 kj to atomize 1.0 mol Fe(s), but only 280 kj to atomize 1.0 mol Mn(s). Propose an explanation, using the electron configurations of the gaseous atoms, for the lower enthalpy of atomization of manganese. 

Preliminary activation may be performed not only by means of dissociation of the components being analyzed, but also by electronic and vibrational excitation, either in the gaseous phase, or even better, directly on the film of semiconductor sensor. It should be also noted that this method is applicable to dissociation in the adsorbed layer. Excitation of the molecules in adsorbed layer (we are referring to physically adsorbed particles) can be performed optically, by an electron (ion) beam, or by an electronically excited atom beam, by Hg, for example [10, 11]. 

A second property of atoms that is vital to understanding their chemistry is the energy released when an electron is added to a gaseous atom,... 

As we move down a given group, the valence electrons are further and further away from the nucleus. The first ionization energies of the elements, which is the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom, decrease while the atomic radii increase. 

The electron affinity of an element is defined as the amount of energy absorbed when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom to form an ion with a 1- charge. 

The first ionisation energy (IEO is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms of an element, to form one mole of singly charged positive ions ... 

Ionization energy is the quantity of energy that, when added to a gaseous atom (or ion), will remove an electron. 

A. Definition — the amount of energy that a gaseous atom must absorb so that the outermost electron can be completely separated from the atom. 

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