Electronegativity effect induction

Oxygen is so electronegative that inductive effects from substituents have rather less influence on basicity than they would in similar nitrogen compounds. Alcohols are somewhat less basic than water, with ethers weaker still. 

The changes in the pAia values associated with different carboxylic acids are the result of inductive effects. Inductive effects occur when electronegative groups pull electron density away from acidic centers, rendering these centers more acidic. Conversely, inductive effects... 

The values of the SiH stretching frequencies in compounds of the type MLm(SiH R3 ) compared with SiH R4 show a weakening of die Si-H bond, which is consistent with very low effective electronegativity values of the transition-metal residue MLm. Smith209) suggests that the electronegativity or inductive power of each substituent R in a silane HSiR1R2R3 can be expressed in E values derived from >(SiH), so that ... 

Thus, the net effect of any such polar substituent is the sum of its resonance effects and its inductive (electronegativity) effects. 

In a a-bond between two atoms of differing electronegativities there is an unequal sharing of the electron pair, with the electrons being attracted towards the more electronegative atom. This causes a permanent polarization of the molecule. This influence of an atom or group on the distribution of the electron pair is called the inductive effect. Inductive effects rapidly die away along a saturated carbon chain (see 4). 

A more complete discussion of acidity and electronic effects can be found is Appendix 2.) A few words about the two types of electronic effects induction and resonance. Inductive effects are a result of polarized a bonds, usually because of electronegative atom substituents. Resonance effects work through n systems, requiring overlap of p orbitals to delocalize electrons. 

D. All the X=0 groups are subject to inductive effects. This is an electronegative effect transmitted through a-bonds. 

The N=0 frequency is raised (in comparison with the nitroso N=0 stretch) by the ether oxygen because it is an electronegative substituent (inductive effect). (The carbonyl group behaves similarly.)... 

The polarizing influence of an electronegative atom decreases with the number of inteiwening rr-bonds. This is called the inductive effect and is indicated in Figure 3-6b by a progression of 6 symbols, (t is generally accepted that the inductive effect is attenuated by a factor of 2-3 by each intervening bond. The inductive ctlcct is not... 

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