Electron transfer, scanning electrochemical microscopy

Basame, S.B., and H.S. White. 1999. Scanning electrochemical microscopy of metal/metal oxide electrodes. Analysis of spatially localized electron-transfer reactions during oxide growth. Anal. Chem. 71 3166-3170. 

Liu, B., A.J. Bard, M.V. Mirkin, and S.E. Creager. 2004. Electron transfer at self-assembled monolayers measured by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 1485-1492. 

Area, M., Mirkin, M. V. and Bard, A. J. (1995), Polymer-films on electrodes. 26. Study of ion-transport and electron-transfer at polypyrrole films by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J. Phys. Chem., 99(14) 5040-5050. 

Wipf, D. O. and Bard, A. J. (1991a), Scanning electrochemical microscopy.7. Effect of heterogeneous electron-transfer rate at the substrate on the tip feedback current. J. Electrochem. Soc., 138(2) 469 174. 

The time range of the electrochemical measurements has been decreased considerably by using more powerful -> potentiostats, circuitry, -> microelectrodes, etc. by pulse techniques, fast -> cyclic voltammetry, -> scanning electrochemical microscopy the 10-6-10-1° s range has become available [iv,v]. The electrochemical techniques have been combined with spectroscopic ones (see -> spectroelectrochemistry) which have successfully been applied for relaxation studies [vi]. For the study of the rate of heterogeneous -> electron transfer processes the ILIT (Indirect Laser Induced Temperature) method has been developed [vi]. It applies a small temperature perturbation, e.g., of 5 K, and the change of the open-circuit potential is followed during the relaxation period. By this method a response function of the order of 1-10 ns has been achieved. 

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) [196] is a member of the growing family of scanning probe techniques. In SECM the tip serves as an ultramicroelectrode at which, for instance, a radical ion may be generated at very short distances from the counterelectrode under steady-state conditions. The use of SECM for the study of the kinetics of chemical reactions following the electron transfer at an electrode [196] involves the SECM in the so-... 

RD Martin, PR Unwin. Scanning electrochemical microscopy. Kinetics of chemical reactions following electron-transfer measured with the substrate-gen-eration-tip-collection mode. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 94 753-759, 1998. 

RC Engstrom, B Small, L Kattan. Observation of microscopically local electron-transfer kinetics with scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chem 64 241-244, 1992. 

M. Tsionsky, AJ. Bard, D. Dini, and F. Decker, Polymer films on electrodes. 28. Scanning electrochemical microscopy study of electron transfer at poly(alkylterthiophene) films. Chem. Mater., 10, 2120 (1998). 

Borgwarth, K., and J. Heinze. 2001. Heterogeneous electron transfer reactions. In Scanning electrochemical microscopy, eds. A.J. Bard and M.V. Mirkin, 201. New York Marcel Dekker. 

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