Electron essentially free

To explain the properties of more concentrated solutions it was suggested that solvated electrons were released to form electrons essentially free in the metallic sense. 

As might be anticipated, the above relationship does not imply that electrons in metals are essentially different in mass from the electron in free space, but merely that the response of these electrons to an applied force is different, being reflected in the effective mass. 

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and NMR spectroscopy are quite similar in their basic principles and in experimental techniques. They detect different phenomena and thus yield different information. The major use of EPR spectroscopy is in the detection of free radicals which are uniquely characterised by their magnetic moment that arises from the presence of an unpaired electron. Measurement of a magnetic property of a material containing free radicals, like its magnetic susceptibility, provides the concentration of free radicals, but it lacks sensitivity and cannot reveal the structure of the radicals. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is essentially free from these defects. 

Electrons in metals at the top of the energy distribution (near the Fermi level) can be excited into other energy and momentum states by photons with very small energies thus, they are essentially free electrons. The optical response of a collection of free electrons can be obtained from the Lorentz harmonic oscillator model by simply clipping the springs, that is, by setting the spring constant K in (9.3) equal to zero. Therefore, it follows from (9.7) with co0 = 0 that the dielectric function for free electrons is... 

For bulk homogeneous material A of thickness essentially infinite compared with the typical electron mean free paths the intensity of the elastic peak. Ia is given by Eq. (1). 

A saturation transfer experiment demonstrated that the multiplicity of resonances arises from an equilibrium between different compounds macrocycles where a chloride ion is bound axially to iron and aggregates where the axial position is essentially free and the electronic 7t system gives rise to stacking interactions (see Sect. 4.3). 

At this distance the electron would be essentially free from the electrostatic attraction of the positive ion and would be solvated by surrounding water molecules forming the hydrated electron, e q, in which form it might react with added solutes. 

As the name implies, the phenomenon is based on coating a solid metal with a liquid metal. In our theory, liquid metal (being above its melting temperature) has no covalent bonds and the free electrons essentially provide the cohesive energy. It can be recalled that this was the basis for obtaining the correlation (Fig. 11). Thus, by coating a metal that has a distinct ratio of covalent bond over free electron band with a liquid metal that has only free electrons (no covalent bond) can have no effect whatsoever in the AEi (for these notations refer to Fig. 9) which has to do only with covalent bond. This is the observation of 4.1.3. 

The absorption of light close to the fundamental absorption-band edge of an oxide leads to the excitation of an electron in the oxide ion followed by a charge-transfer process to create an exciton (an electron-hole pair) which is essentially free to migrate through the lattice,... 

Structural data refer to the diboron tetrahalides. X-Ray diffraction studies of B2CI4 (5) and B2F4 100) indicate a planar, centrosymmetric structure (Djji) i the solid. Electron diffraction (47) and infrared and Raman studies (65) suggest that the B2CI4 molecule has a skewed (Z>2d) structure in the gas and liquid. The infrared spectrum of B2F4 (37,42) indicates it to be skewed or undergoing essentially free rotation in the gaseous state. 

In Zener breakdown, the field may be so high that it exerts sufficient forces on a covalently bound electron to free it, which creates two carriers, an electron and a hole, to conduct the current. In this breakdown process, shown in Fig. 1.17a, an electron makes the transition, or tunnels, from the valence band to the conduction band without the interaction of any particles. It is essentially a band-to-band tunneling process. In... 

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