Electron affinity outer-level electrons

The relative position of the electronic level eo to the Fermi level depends on the electrode potential. We perform estimates for the case where there is no drop in the outer potential between the adsorbate and the metal - usually this situation is not far from the pzc. In this case we obtain for an alkali ion eo — Ep — where is the work function of the metal, and I the ionization energy of the alkali atom. For a halide ion eo — Ep = electron affinity of the atom. 

It starts with a compilation of the properties of the isotopes, followed by the description of the formation and separation of the radioactive isotopes. The chapters on the atoms and atomic ions deal with the configuration of the outer-shell electrons, manifested by optical terms and spectra, ionization energy, and electron affinity, as well as with the energy levels of the inner-shell electrons, manifested by X-ray spectra and Auger electron spectra. The last section gives information on the formation and the physical properties of the platinum group molecules and clusters. 

The terms oxidation and reduction with respect to chemical processes in soil-water systems refers to potential electron-transfer processes. Under oxidation, a chemical element or molecular species donates electrons (e ), whereas under reduction a chemical element or molecular species accepts electrons. The potential of an atom of any given element to react depends on the affinity of its nucleus for electrons and the strong tendency of the atom to gain maximum stability by filling its outer electron shell or comply with the octet rule. The octet rule states that to gain maximum stability an atom must have eight electrons in its outer shell or outermost energy level. 

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