Electrolytic water treatment devices

Claims are sometimes made that the use of cathodic protection devices eliminates the need for any type of water treatment chemical, including oxygen scavengers (on the basis that oxygen in the FW increases the rate of zinc anode corrosion, producing both zinc ions and hydroxide ions and resulting in the removal of 02 from the BW electrolyte). Such claims that corrosion protection devices provide a complete program are spurious. 

Hemodialysis (HD) is the method of extracorporeal drug removal most commonly used in the treatment of poisoning [1]. The apparatus consists of a blood circuit, an electronic and mechanical device (with pumps and pressure monitors), a dialyzer cartridge (containing hollow permeable fibers), and a dialysate circuit (of purified water with added electrolytes). In practice, a double-lumen catheter is first placed in a central vein. 

For a symmetrical electrolyte, the ion pair is taken to behave as though it were a neutral species. It is, however, a dipole and as such will interact with the other ions. Consideration of this would lead to an activity coefficient for the ion pair which is not unity. There is also the question as to whether the ions of the ion pair are in contact, or are separated by one or more water molecules. Bjerrum himself recognised these limitations to his treatment the distinction between free and associated ions is not a chemical one, but only a mathematical device . 

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