Electrode alignment

Figure 55. Simulated half-cell impedances of the cell shown in Figure 53, calculated using finite-element analysis. (a) Half-cell responses assuming an electrode misalignment dlL equal to 1, as defined in Figure 54c. (b) Half-cell responses assuming perfect electrode alignment [dlL = 0).

Different parameters such as electrode alignment, detection potential and separation/injection voltage can affect the good performance of the amperometric detection in microchips. 

K. Wang and X.-H. Xia, Microchannel-electrode alignment and separation parameters comparison in microchip capillary electrophoresis by scanning electrochemical microscopy, J. Chromatogr. A, 1110 (2006) 222-226. 

M 6] [P 5] The particles are trapped at the edges of the electrodes, align with field lines and form pearl chains at a frequency of 100 kHz [48], At a frequency of 10 M Hz, particles are repelled from the edges of the electrodes towards the field gradient minima. 

Evanoff, K., Khan, J., Balandin, A. A., Magasinski, A., Ready, W. J., Fuller, T. R, and Yushin, G. [2012]. Towards ultrathick batteiy electrodes Aligned carbon nanotube-enabled architecture, Adv. Mater., 24, pp. 533-537. 

Kappes T, Hauser PC (1998) Potentiometric detection of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations in capillary electrophoresis with simplified electrode alignment and enhanced separatitm and sensitivity. Anal Chem 70 2487-2492... 

Fig. 3.4 Schematic diagram of the ECL detection cell coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation (not to scale) (a) front view and (b) side view from Ru(bpy)3 solution reservoir—(7) working electrode (2) photomultiplier tube (PMT) (5) Ru(bpy)3 solution reservoir (4) CE ground electrode (5) porous section of capillary (6) separation capillary (7) reference electrode (8) counter electrode (9) working electrode alignment screws (10) seal-on film [to isolate the Ru(bpy)3 " solution reservoir and CE ground cell and to align the separation capillary] (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society)...

In order to overcome the high field interference, ECL detection was often carried out in an oflf-column mode to isolate the detector from the CE field, where a field decoupler was created near the capillary outlet. However, the procedures of electrode alignment and decoupler fabrication are always tedious and time-consuming. Here we shall discuss some improvements in the cell design of CE-ECL with and without decoupler [5]. 

There are three possibilities for the electrode alignment of SC-SOFCs with coplanar electrodes with respect to the gas flow direction (i) parallel gas flow where the gas mixture reaches both electrodes simultaneously, (ii) perpendicular gas flow with anode first (the gas mixture encounters the anode first), and (iii) perpendicular gas flow with cathode first [68]. Perpendicular gas flow with cathode first [64, 68,... 

Fermier, A.M. Gostkowski, Colon. L.A. Rudimentary Capillary-Electrode Alignment for Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 1996 68, 1661-1664. 

S independent electrodes aligned with the nanopore channel, e.g. for tunnelling detection or... 

Evanoff K, Kahn J, Balandin AA, Magasinski A, Ready WJ, Fuller TF, Yushin G (2012) Towards ultrathick battery electrodes aligned carbon nanotube, enabled architecture. Adv Mater 24 533-537... 

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