Electrochemistry of Manganese Oxides

Akiya Kozawa, Kohei Yamamoto and Masaki Yoshio 

Most primary dry cells nowadays use MnOj as a cathode. The total annual world consumption of MnOj for dry cells exceeds 600.000 tons about 50% being EMD (electrolytic Manganese Dioxide). 

The total world population was about 5.5 billion in 1997, 5.5x10 of whom 640 million (about 12%) were in the developed areas (USA, Japan, Western Europe). They consume 10-15 dry cells per person in a year. In the developing areas (China, South-East Asia, India, Africa, South America), which contain is 88% of the 

Handbook of Battery Materials. Second Edition. Edited by Claus Daniel and Jurgen O. Besenhard. 

Regular carbon-zinc cells using natural Mn02 one 500 50 

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Refs. [i] Linden D, Reddy TB (eds) (2002) Handbook of batteries. McGraw-Hill, New York [ii] Kozawa A, Yamamoto K, Yoshio M (1999) Electrochemistry of Manganese Oxides. In Besenhard JO (ed) Handbook of battery materials. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim,pp 113... 

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