Electrochemistry and Chemical Sensors

In this chapter, the fundamental electrochemical principles of potentiometry, voltammetry and/or amperometry, conductance, and coulometry will be summarized and clinical apphcations presented. Next, optodes and biosensors will be discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of in vivo and minimally invasive sensors. 

Potentiometry is widely used clmicaUy for the measurement of pH, PCO2 and electrolytes (Nah K, CL, Ca h LP) in whole blood, serum, plasma and urine, and as the basis for some biosensors for metabolites of clinical interest. 

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Director, Sensor Development Instrumentation Laboratory Lexington, Massachusetts Electrochemistry and Chemical Sensors... 

D Orazio P, Meyerhoff ME (2008) Electrochemistry and chemical sensors. In Sawyer BG (ed) Fundamentals of clinical chemistry, 6th edn. Saunders, Missouri, pp 84—101... 

Refs. [i] Janata J (1989) Principles of chemical sensors. Plenum, New York [ii] Brett CMA, Oliveira Brett AM (1993) Electrochemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 289 [Hi] Griindler P (2007) Chemical Sensors. Springer, Berlin [iv] Eggins BR (2002) Chemical sensors and biosensors. Wiley, New York... 

Ultrathin Electrochemical Chemo- and Biosensors Technology and Performance Series Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Vol. 2 Mirsky, Vladimir M. (Ed.) 2004 ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS Towards Electrochemical Sensors for Genomics and Proteomics, Edited By E. Palecek, F. Scheller, J. Wang. ... 

Solid-state electrochemistry, as a subsection of electrochemistry, emphasizes phenomena in which the properties of sohds play a dominant role. This includes phenomena involving ionically and/or electronically conducting phases (e.g., in potentiometric or conductometric chemical sensors). As far as classical electrochemical cells are concerned, one refers not only to all-solid-state cells with sohd electrolytes (e.g., ceramic fuel cells), but also to cells with hquid electrolytes, such as modern Li-based batteries in which the storage within the sohd electrode is crucial [1-3]. 

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