Electrochemically grown conducting

Entrapment of Enzymes within Electrochemically-Grown Conducting Polymer Films... 

GC material was widely modified with conducting (or nonconducting) polymers in order to obtain an improved surface for DNA adsorption and detection. The initial approaches were performed by the physical attachment of nylon or nitrocellulose membranes on GC electrodes [51]. As explained, these membranes were extensively used in classical DNA analysis due to their well-known adsorption properties [33]. Other approaches were performed by the direct adsorption of the polymeric film on the GC surface. Finally, polymeric films were electrochemically grown on the GC substrate. These conducting polymers are particularly promising for the adsorption, but also for inducing electrical signals obtained from DNA interactions. 

Porous membranes have also been utilized in the synthesis of oriented conjugated polymers. Polypynole and polythiophene have been electrochemically grown in a nudeopore membraneP to form conjugated pol)oner microtubules. Polyacetylene, synthesized by allowing catalyst and acetylsie to diffuse into the membrane from opposite sides is partially ordered as shown by polarized IR absorption spectra and hi er doped conductivities. ... 

Due to its electronic conductivity, polypyrrole can be grown to considerable thickness. It also constitutes, by itself, as a film on platinum or gold, a new type of electrode surface that exhibits catalytic activity in the electrochemical oxidation of ascorbic acid and dopamine in the reversible redox reactions of hydroquinones and the reduction of molecular oxygen iV-substituted pyrroles are excellent... 

Chemical and electrochemical techniques have been applied for the dimensionally controlled fabrication of a wide variety of materials, such as metals, semiconductors, and conductive polymers, within glass, oxide, and polymer matrices (e.g., [135-137]). Topologically complex structures like zeolites have been used also as 3D matrices [138, 139]. Quantum dots/wires of metals and semiconductors can be grown electrochemically in matrices bound on an electrode surface or being modified electrodes themselves. In these processes, the chemical stability of the template in the working environment, its electronic properties, the uniformity and minimal diameter of the pores, and the pore density are critical factors. Typical templates used in electrochemical synthesis are as follows ... 

Technically important electrochemical reactions of pyrrole and thiophene involve oxidation in non-nucleophilic solvents when the radical-cation intermediates react with the neutral molecule causing polymer growth [169, 191], Under controlled conditions polymer films can be grown on the anode surface from acetonitrile. Tliese films exhibit redox properties and in the oxidised, or cation doped state, are electrically conducting. They can form the positive pole of a rechargeable battery system. Pyrroles with N-substituents are also polymerizable to form coherent films [192], Films have been constructed to support electroactive transition metal centres adjacent to the electrode surface fomiing a modified electrode,... 

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