Electroanalytical chemistry potentiometry

J. Thompson, 1893) and the development of chemical thermodynamics (G. N. Lewis, 1923). Building on this foundation, the utilization of electrochemical phenomena for thermodynamic characterization and analysis of molecules and ions (electroanalytical chemistry) began at the beginning of this century [po-tentiometry (1920) and polarography (1930)]. Relationships that describe the techniques of potentiometry and polarography derive directly from solution thermodynamics. In the case of polarography, there is a further dependence on the diffusion of ionic species in solution. The latter is the basis of conductivity measurements, another area that traces its origin to the nineteenth century. These quantitative relationships make it possible to apply electrochemistry to... 

Last, but not least, is the field of electroanalytical chemistry, in which carbon electrodes can be found. This field includes voltammetry, - potentiometry, -+ coulometry, etc., for measuring the concentration and detecting the presence of specific chemical species. 

Terminology related to electroanalytical chemistry are chronoamperometry, voltammetry, coulometry, amperometric titrimetry, coulometric titrimetry, conductivity, con-ductimetry and high frequency titrimetry, electrometric titrimetry, electrogravimetry, electrodeposition, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV), polarography, differentia] pulse polarography (DPP), ion-selective electrode (ISE), ion-specific electrode (ISE), molecular selective electrode, potentiometry, potentio-metric titrimetry, and chronopotentiometric titrimetry. 

Electrochemistry involves the study of the relationship between electrical signals and chemical systems that are incorporated into an electrochemical cell. It plays a very important role in many areas of chemistry, including analysis, thermodynamic studies, synthesis, kinetic measurements, energy conversion, and biological electron transport [1]. Electroanalytical techniques such as conductivity, potentiometry, voltammetry, amperometric detection, co-ulometry, measurements of impedance, and chronopotentiometry have been developed for chemical analysis [2], Nowadays, most of the electroanalytical methods are computerized, not only in their instrumental and experimental aspects, but also in the use of powerful methods for data analysis. Chemo-metrics has become a routine method for data analysis in many fields of analytical chemistry that include electroanalytical chemistry [3,4]. 

In the following paragraphs the basic setups for the measurements are described more details can be found in the various chapters dealing with specific measurement arrangements, such as potentiometry (Chap. 9) or controlled potential techniques (Chap. 10). Numerous books on electroanalytical chemistry may provide deeper insight into the problematic thus, citations here are arbitrary and incomplete. ... 

FIA methods with electroanalytical detectors are mainly based on the inherent redox chemistry of the analyte and reagents. The most important details of the published FIA determination based on electroanalytical detection (amperometry, coulometry, conduc-timetry, potentiometry, polarography, and voltammetry) following a chronological order... 

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