Electric space heating

J.-Fr. Hake et al. [92] compared the conventional generation of heat and electricity to that of small-scale combined heat and power generation by high-temperature fuel cells, and the results of which are shown in Fig. 13.16. The small-scale CHP devices studied were used to provide electricity, space heat, and warm water to both residential and commercial buildings. The conventional generation of electricity is much less efficient than that of small-scale CHP devices due to... 

Package Power Reactors. Several small, compact power reactor plants were developed dufing the period 1957—1962 by the U.S. Army for use ia remote locations. Designed by Alco Products, Inc., the PWRs produced electrical power of about 1 MW along with space heat for military bases. 

Large residential, commercial, or institutional complexes requiring space heat, hot water, and electricity... 

Large industrial operations with on-site needs for electricity and heat in the form of process steam, direct heat, and/or space heat. 

In general, plants producing electric power are much larger than those producing steam for space heating or process use. Fherefore, the mass of emissions is much greater and the physical size of the control equipment larger. 

Boilers may be used for domestic hot water heating, space heating, waste heat, or chemical recovery. They also may be used for mechanical work, electrical power generation, cogeneration, and innumerable industrial process applications using direct (live) steam or indirect steam (e.g., coil heated) processes. Both FT and WT designs are commonly employed for heat-recovery applications. 

Most waterside problems develop insidiously. Over time, scale and other types of deposit are gradually formed on internal heat transfer surfaces, which gradually raises the cost of providing heat energy. Some types of deposition can be very difficult and costly to remove. Corrosion wastes away the fabric of the plant (sometimes very quickly) and may produce an unexpected and untimely boiler plant shutdown, with a consequential loss of space heating, electricity, or process manufacturing capability. Likewise, fouling reduces the size of waterways and increases boiler operational problems. 

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