Egyptians, Ancient synthesis

In 1834, codeine was isolated from opium by Pierre Jean Robiquet (1780-1840). One year later, Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788-1842) and M. Thiboumery discovered thebaine (named after the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes). In 1848, at the University of Giessen, papaverine was extracted from poppy waste by Georg Merck (1825-1873), the son of Heinrich Emanuel Merck. In 1870, Augustus Matthiessen (1831-1870) and Charles R. A. Wright (1844-1894) recognised that codeine is the monomethyl ether of morphine. After the selective methylation of morphine for the preparation of codeine had failed, Felix Hoffmann (1868-1946) tried out in 1897 a selective acetylation, in analogy to the synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid. [91]... 

Others. The seed oil was used by the ancient Egyptians for embalming in mummification however, by far the largest use of castor oil is as its dehydrated or partially dehydrated form in industrial lubricants, coatings, paints, varnishes, and others also in synthesis of urethanes, foams, plastics, and certain perfume chemicals, among others.Sulfonat-ed castor oil (Tfrrkey red oil) is widely used in the textile and printing industry as a surfactant. ... 

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