Efficiency of energy use, labeling

See also Appliances Behavior Capital Investment Decisions Demand-Side Management Efficiency of Energy Use, Economic Concerns and Efficiency of Energy Use, Labeling of Environmental... 

See also Demand-Side Management Efficiency of Energy Use, Labeling of. 

The most common application of RET is to measure the distances between two sites on a macromolecule. Typically, a protein is covalently labeled with a donor and an accq>tor (Figure 13.1). The donor is (tften a tryptophan residue, but extrinsic donors are also used. If there is a sin e donor and acceptor, and if the D-A distance does not chan during the excited-state lifetime, then the D-A distance can be determined from the efficiency of energy transfer. The transfer efficiency can be detemuned by steady-state nr asurements of the extent of donor quenching due to the acceptor. 

FTC added requirements for the disclosure of water use for certain plumbing products, the disclosure of energy-related information for light bulbs and fluorescent lighting products, and the disclosure of energy-efficiency information for pool heaters. The FTC exempted other products listed in EPCA from label-... 

In the pharmaceutical industry, and to some extent the fine chemicals industry, an important advantage of a batch reactor is traceability. The product from a particular batch will have a uniform consistency, and can be uniquely labelled and readily traced. In contrast, the product from a continuous process may change gradually over time, and it is therefore more difficult to trace a particular impurity or fault in the material. Batch reactors are, however, rarely the most efficient in terms of throughput and energy use when the reaction kinetics are fast. Batch systems are also much more labour intensive than continuous processes. 

Figure 9.51 Time-resolved FRET assay systems involve energy transfer between the lanthanide chelate and an organic dye that are brought together as two labeled molecules bind to an analyte. In this illustration, an antibody labeled with a lanthanide chelate is used along with a Cy5-labeled antibody to detect a protein target in solution. Excitation of the lanthanide label results in energy transfer and excitation of the cyanine dye only if they are held within close enough proximity to allow efficient FRET to occur. Under these conditions, excitation of the lanthanide chelate results in cyanine dye emission, which will not occur if the labeled antibodies have not bound to a target.

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